Many diseases emerge from irregularities that occur during protein synthesis. While limited therapies exist to deliver mature proteins to compensate for these errors, protein therapy by direct protein delivery has limited efficiency. This is due to difficulty in controlling the volume of delivered…

Nucleic Acid (NA) based therapies are used to inhibit gene expression. Lipid nanoparticles (LNs) are capable of carrying these therapies into cells. However, this delivery requires overcoming several physiological barriers. For instance, one barrier is the acidic endosome conditions within the cel…

Most breast cancers express estrogen receptor alpha (ER α) and antagonists of ER α drugs, such as tamoxifen, have been widely used for their treatment. Unfortunately, up to half of all ER α -positive tumors have intrinsic or acquired endocrine therapy resistance. Recent studies b…

Lipid-based nanoparticles (LNPs) have been extensively utilized in nucleic acid delivery. However, there are a number of challenges associated with LNP formulation. It is difficult to make sub-100-nm LNPs with a high nucleic acid concentration by traditional self-assembly methods. LNP synthesis ty…

New rapid and accurate sequencing methods, and disease detection methods are always in high demand. Newer advances in these areas include membrane-anchored structures and synthetics, which allow molecule idenfication and biopolymer sequencing by measuring conductance changes associated with passag…

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous group of tumors which can be subdivided based on histopathological features, genetic alterations, and gene-expression profiles. Approximately 50-60% of all breast cancer patients and two-thirds of postmenopausal breast cancer patients have estrogen receptor positiv…

Natural products and semi-synthetic derivatives derived from them have been used for anticancer drugs or drug leads for many years. However, side-effects such as myelosuppression and secondary leukemia have been reported. Furthermore, these natural products can be difficult to use for targeting sp…

The search for more potent drug delivery candidates for cancer therapy remains a challenge within the medical community. Efforts to target cancer at the genetic level have led to numerous discoveries, including the role that constitutive activation of signal transducer and activator of transcripti…

The Akt signaling pathway is responsible for apoptosis, cell proliferation, and metabolism. In tumor cells, this pathway is up-regulated and aids in promoting cancer cell survival. Complete activation of Akt pathway requires phosphorylation at two amino-acid residues, which are phosporylated by se…