Cell culture in a three-dimensional fluidic-flow microenvironment is critical for long-term cell-based assays. Conducting in vitro research offers an accessible, reproducible, and reliable mode of investigation for therapeutic decisions before work is conducted in vivo. However, because of the com…

Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria mutate or acquire antibiotic resistant genes from another bacterium. Once this change occurs, the bacteria prevent the antibiotic from controlling or killing a bacterial growth (APUA). This results in the growth and proliferation of bacteria with a strong…