Application of either heat or organic solvents is critical to convert solid materials to fluids. For many applications, particularly biomedical products, high temperature and organic solvents may denature critical biomolecules. Residue of organic solvents may also cause severe contamination. In ad…

Various polymeric foams, such as polyvinyl chloride foam (PVC), polyurethane foam, polyimide foam, Styrofoam, etc., are used to manufacture components for insulation, plumbing, adhesives, and duct work. Currently available polymeric foams carry a considerable amount of health and safety risks, and…