Titanium alloy components produced by current additive manufacturing (AM) techniques may lead to columnar grains, which introduce undesirable anisotropic material properties to the structure. Additional steps can reduce or eliminate these properties, but the processes are costly and limit direct p…

Resistance spot welding (RSW) is critical to automobile manufacturing, with 3,000 to 5,000 spot welds per vehicle. As consumers seek vehicles with better fuel economy, automobile manufacturers have replaced parts built from heavy metals, such as advanced high-strength steel (AHSS), with lighter al…

Machines that burn fuel for operation require numerous safety features to detect leaks of volatile and toxic gases that can be harmful or deadly to people if inhaled. Of these gases produced during combustion, carbon monoxide (CO) is one of the most important to consider due to its lethal capabili…

Friction welding is a category of solid-state welding processes that uses frictional heat generation at the weld interface to plasticize the work pieces and produce a metallurgical bond. The welding parameters used in large-scale industrial production are typically determined via trial and error. …

Analog-to-digital conversion is carried out in a variety of computer and communications applications. Different types of analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) have been developed to convert an analog signal, such as voltage, to a digital signal with a value that corresponds to the magnitude of the a…